%PDF-1.7 1 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Outlines 2 0 R /Pages 3 0 R >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Type /Outlines /Count 0 >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Kids [6 0 R 19 0 R ] /Count 2 /Resources << /ProcSet 4 0 R /Font << /F1 8 0 R /F2 9 0 R /F3 10 0 R /F4 11 0 R /F5 12 0 R /F6 14 0 R >> /XObject << /I1 15 0 R /I2 16 0 R /I3 23 0 R /I4 24 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 17 0 R /GS2 18 0 R /GS3 21 0 R /GS4 22 0 R >> >> /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 612.000 792.000] >> endobj 4 0 obj [/PDF /Text /ImageC ] endobj 5 0 obj << /Producer (dompdf 1.0.2 + CPDF) /CreationDate (D:20250524104947+00'00') /ModDate (D:20250524104947+00'00') >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 612.000 792.000] /Parent 3 0 R /Contents 7 0 R >> endobj 7 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 1907 >> stream xXMWTn 0戤HIuH>9ȖMw7Ga~gw_59Wuuꃋe\.?R^rNbC5]t,vO?ltHmg7U+O}O?.>/hӕ<]%&Y~̫K*dJ'Z{5-ax"M`'MrM2I{c` ?~ced&s6Y>o{3XyY"VeܻqX00JzIxڛAd,46'^"BNmAIYN fLI@edgdk.7rFj/-5‘vʚ2բOf]FWKqWߏ$QZv#HlY@N +:}g9i"-0]g6Vvqϡfh$vf$C䒘uc}0t_X-&,8Q+;etp&Yyaz'`c9GI}DC^ʤLcz3M*Wvbݸ9oղUnY2pTJxyրl {h(]+GPIu6zę}ULbd6뻑ڄރs~[ ~!E& =e .nt~'O%$պ1Ʊs褀l笖G`-EdZVFX<5v5L`oDdbA2F2' Iy4OC} *%pъa16AЍ =R6WɊX[q!ypF8ETVHJcU5WBS $FuN{kly[b%U Vx]()֜jD yFsݜ鲍y Dżne {tI;.^7B ;/(ҩX>B=KEB/{p]buy7 :@:JU W4)P q.^Y8@ٚs6Ċ #"9{&|n'-IAj 伖2hs =9Tb039jA)U3XPog <8''eABT:{dM(J,M{d[1-%WC>r:q t!|cCϥ)cr'Nj(|LN/A{5n z8q*cGZIw￞iO?ac{.t (7foLO9$S1J%38^8ݴbo،xNZ]7{+d&RMH~Z6Kl߿SE!/ [Ad)v~Z܁vh{[wݥ>D'Z(9pI<&tuY<'xU )=9KmYʒ`@\N IS-h_=ҕSV)fMeCQ?H*ƌɢČy}-ܻ4j(f@Xnh'+18p*4DvquH w9ӀΥ,]Aw6.I Ƈ0bbNmt0:2*m%>F &Ϯm2RFw5I8$kpzP4FpB uA'3juOEZNo5}Ȳtp|$>^cO_p endstream endobj 8 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F1 /BaseFont /Helvetica /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 9 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F2 /BaseFont /Times-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 10 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F3 /BaseFont /Times-Roman /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 11 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F4 /BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 12 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F5 /BaseFont /Helvetica-Oblique /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 13 0 obj [6 0 R /Fit] endobj 14 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F6 /BaseFont /Times-Roman /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 15 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 550 /Height 140 /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Predictor 15 /Colors 1 /Columns 550 /BitsPerComponent 8>> /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 5329>> stream xqDǯ뺒$ILfff&I335Lf2\3I2L&_3$3I$d+$\W=9y9lLss99P`0 `0 `0 `0 !U_:~u = F~sZŻدns⃪Qg¢G(F[-s͓^ DZ>d>3Dr#\OΉ, ZFwjux<;4Ƀxز#_v?nO<|{7c(b{Oū}w[N e~Hs䎷wwOn<1B.k+%U=eԘ -mCj)t:}c'ϓ*n"-ovkZ?R"V%wʶ7s]eX&eǕq` 1-2e JYHCFOUam 7:(Ԙt_@ހN t{B~ :V@}o#7!z^&zFL:ʤn X<- %"bNWqF c` M'4?cH-V`ǵAF>=#Ěm75dB I&7E5<>-͏їFǿl3M6x]Y&)2 FoΌ N.<t i4wL\^=_|Fo؏IȄ ik$ɄL?{?|tmCޮ=~T&iTevϷ'奔s?EꋄLPY͹箵?@L:Aˤ3y_:9AtA*0qVe- e6g)%a}.qKcI V/xʤzM|\ HSql0;*%+Mذ-闛obebu2iU&lLbtIcxb5^B#8 ޮaʻ _ w>j+L:$"&O;bZ K1 jmU玫ݢ=S/J<WO2'_yUPvp=`"aL5 Nl7"rlQT޼==-I[Se* F'(\`󴯉'{:נnVZ TG6*r$Tyx^LJū.C<3` %ANrxUo"˄ 0&$tO F&bIcW3GG͈ y!{m,LkCI d,(2"@ dR%F1thUL8Rݒ^+v9^?sʯYעDl~Qd" N2sc|ov}=F,3K#vxIvG^,[OM&wI[#,Jޙ\ض;L^fv[LbyYvM#/EI#/Zס$(ڼ ," &LK/IF i-Zx彰픢]MKeR n(PhV'LҸ\f$w/ e]"mɷWO߻˱ KerSPe (ӼGMȈ}X?ʍto7ZKl+81_Y&ǡd uʤ1Vw!sQ"/$zNkw(t)2BWQW"˄OXLp:e‡# וzn2F}qlc5ؾ:WH xLz LP:d# Q>(MRېd2Qt$o~R$YR5,-nޜLr_βehd" 2k1lvO X= eC p+[R=jU!֖}_DޟY2 (*wkZQ>Fl̲soR#^u3hhyTԲt.LtD8sk4z4Rbl@zp4hy0Tn\=.fnő Y/:TC9<@fSI$:QR/bq7DfR/ֻn)Vqd"䳽˄GL;ϝRG顼n&%Sv eFv,L"t}I&N> D73]$e)( ;]XhL`kSzJlcC$<)깍h}dr,1ܝRM뭍eMa $?e3f8΍҈&P(x+JU5{I 3 M- ;7|#G9 !\œ&=xp2,L{-`?OW":4uܚEadv ~9q.VdV%UT@73$@W¯B!ݒaVLH:!opr;gAɀiήpfߙR E/IDO*Luf0}{7mfyDxT.g)w5RvHx#Z]&M$ gZUTt+lZqZ_;a&JaG,-JLJDFIcV|:I3nB&;N0Lna=Y_Gl,p5,,kc EKgd;2vt7selT9˸sX޲.6r<1!| L0lTMS1?Xsf cq )KSgBB&׭x. v c@^Yk΀v],E[ɾ QhYyXXC2)g/J@su1ScL, ?C[{V2i͛!סӠ&> 6lu>4Ƕʤ|=12鱧l{^:a/Y%~].26G: p^CZ V&Vedҟ?RrX7d#I]ՕuL1 ?_ /12IEh ̴b<ӯ^e _ϝ䰻^]vy> /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 873>> stream x1j08-K/)],) &gi+:U̲\"9H!@"9H!@"9H!@eY.Z[p_E{QHKV[/`j%ʒcP,SX4W{7urd5ɱPr:-ֆʇX$$zfZpClbw7z{[]qGlwlGlZiM,ߺ7x}w` L9=3zpWL9 j)ۓB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$e]k` B$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$/؋ endstream endobj 17 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /CA 0.3 >> endobj 18 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /ca 0.3 >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 612.000 792.000] /Parent 3 0 R /Contents 20 0 R >> endobj 20 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 2055 >> stream xX˒۸W`R4gOv25"DB"$g9R.^ŽsIy,aO99z-5I˿vwePW<[C4 {2?}4fcBL9[GY'Gz:l{†ivEt}W>.ZʪCNzv,+^;ގưY/~Ahcps=}0V ͔g9;H3t6L u2*F<"X)dbcg܄a9f9-yL")RuhFhxUˆf 5Vmd߬ T!1!Ɏu/済y^Of'eir^ LsF$@L@ 4ۈOyR+5t taP^dU\[*/-I @=YeU|N-1镓XKQ)=+XH!OotOo-KU(x>Qщ[:$xק]%#r\V)}[c^1}DBUoAڍJL=}~OH.'r,|^xe4G~!T9z,c;刺 :w-.(nIZ)R/_)oY Fj4բbigFGgnEz7<γH5FC6+.z+81w/ʘ x8T? bY/%_%Q^%*ثjёU &D`lF @'x"PE}s1valV8|{=er',ׁVlԀNIQZG%AqBԛFy6i+g$hCWޤ&;`^&hyh'uSS~6 7;2 Zڨ.aj-&ΠEIv/F|梾2m6Y С+p0+ ךkb@weSFւ s&͔/&]g?E Ci>b櫲oD  I`9֭]y s0 |bΠ,F pTCYzɞJTȃN̈́9~ `DigOdBr49 9`VIUQOaf~ G]sJhc_1K#[1jasq設"DhCW*2pk]]|ŭzqunrS ()6p-g?4-9ɋ!Rl. 0, = 35 An1L!ʣLk0`z 0Eȍ # g힦Z`@=d 6|<X`W༎4iZAnytEѻ?أR 穝_*`T-`z/ل Mn#vUtT:L{ TaR(J\ PѨM{Al%Ǵx j<.ILRqN9z~-:iP2A~swjJ -N ݼ2aDŽʸARîk|)[V0!yOQy:52BJ;P#)4\6fܡ} O gWoֶBo<̈:Q`x#F awA~ LsI#tf'= @LGZ؆b>͙XA D7讑B@ G[;Tv; eV}4rnl_7i5YE6"ye6=+{vw_w׫e~$鹂b'~XuAr%UZa]%==Ky^?^{WVgԲ% endstream endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /CA 1 >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /ca 1 >> endobj 23 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 550 /Height 140 /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Predictor 15 /Colors 1 /Columns 550 /BitsPerComponent 8>> /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 5329>> stream xqDǯ뺒$ILfff&I335Lf2\3I2L&_3$3I$d+$\W=9y9lLss99P`0 `0 `0 `0 !U_:~u = F~sZŻدns⃪Qg¢G(F[-s͓^ DZ>d>3Dr#\OΉ, ZFwjux<;4Ƀxز#_v?nO<|{7c(b{Oū}w[N e~Hs䎷wwOn<1B.k+%U=eԘ -mCj)t:}c'ϓ*n"-ovkZ?R"V%wʶ7s]eX&eǕq` 1-2e JYHCFOUam 7:(Ԙt_@ހN t{B~ :V@}o#7!z^&zFL:ʤn X<- %"bNWqF c` M'4?cH-V`ǵAF>=#Ěm75dB I&7E5<>-͏їFǿl3M6x]Y&)2 FoΌ N.<t i4wL\^=_|Fo؏IȄ ik$ɄL?{?|tmCޮ=~T&iTevϷ'奔s?EꋄLPY͹箵?@L:Aˤ3y_:9AtA*0qVe- e6g)%a}.qKcI V/xʤzM|\ HSql0;*%+Mذ-闛obebu2iU&lLbtIcxb5^B#8 ޮaʻ _ w>j+L:$"&O;bZ K1 jmU玫ݢ=S/J<WO2'_yUPvp=`"aL5 Nl7"rlQT޼==-I[Se* F'(\`󴯉'{:נnVZ TG6*r$Tyx^LJū.C<3` %ANrxUo"˄ 0&$tO F&bIcW3GG͈ y!{m,LkCI d,(2"@ dR%F1thUL8Rݒ^+v9^?sʯYעDl~Qd" N2sc|ov}=F,3K#vxIvG^,[OM&wI[#,Jޙ\ض;L^fv[LbyYvM#/EI#/Zס$(ڼ ," &LK/IF i-Zx彰픢]MKeR n(PhV'LҸ\f$w/ e]"mɷWO߻˱ KerSPe (ӼGMȈ}X?ʍto7ZKl+81_Y&ǡd uʤ1Vw!sQ"/$zNkw(t)2BWQW"˄OXLp:e‡# וzn2F}qlc5ؾ:WH xLz LP:d# Q>(MRېd2Qt$o~R$YR5,-nޜLr_βehd" 2k1lvO X= eC p+[R=jU!֖}_DޟY2 (*wkZQ>Fl̲soR#^u3hhyTԲt.LtD8sk4z4Rbl@zp4hy0Tn\=.fnő Y/:TC9<@fSI$:QR/bq7DfR/ֻn)Vqd"䳽˄GL;ϝRG顼n&%Sv eFv,L"t}I&N> D73]$e)( ;]XhL`kSzJlcC$<)깍h}dr,1ܝRM뭍eMa $?e3f8΍҈&P(x+JU5{I 3 M- ;7|#G9 !\œ&=xp2,L{-`?OW":4uܚEadv ~9q.VdV%UT@73$@W¯B!ݒaVLH:!opr;gAɀiήpfߙR E/IDO*Luf0}{7mfyDxT.g)w5RvHx#Z]&M$ gZUTt+lZqZ_;a&JaG,-JLJDFIcV|:I3nB&;N0Lna=Y_Gl,p5,,kc EKgd;2vt7selT9˸sX޲.6r<1!| L0lTMS1?Xsf cq )KSgBB&׭x. v c@^Yk΀v],E[ɾ QhYyXXC2)g/J@su1ScL, ?C[{V2i͛!סӠ&> 6lu>4Ƕʤ|=12鱧l{^:a/Y%~].26G: p^CZ V&Vedҟ?RrX7d#I]ՕuL1 ?_ /12IEh ̴b<ӯ^e _ϝ䰻^]vy> /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 873>> stream x1j08-K/)],) &gi+:U̲\"9H!@"9H!@"9H!@eY.Z[p_E{QHKV[/`j%ʒcP,SX4W{7urd5ɱPr:-ֆʇX$$zfZpClbw7z{[]qGlwlGlZiM,ߺ7x}w` L9=3zpWL9 j)ۓB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$e]k` B$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$/؋ endstream endobj xref 0 25 0000000000 65535 f 0000000009 00000 n 0000000074 00000 n 0000000120 00000 n 0000000461 00000 n 0000000498 00000 n 0000000647 00000 n 0000000750 00000 n 0000002730 00000 n 0000002837 00000 n 0000002945 00000 n 0000003055 00000 n 0000003168 00000 n 0000003284 00000 n 0000003313 00000 n 0000003423 00000 n 0000008998 00000 n 0000010129 00000 n 0000010188 00000 n 0000010247 00000 n 0000010352 00000 n 0000012481 00000 n 0000012538 00000 n 0000012595 00000 n 0000018170 00000 n trailer << /Size 25 /Root 1 0 R /Info 5 0 R /ID[<4c111510aee26a0c8498936296332d5d><4c111510aee26a0c8498936296332d5d>] >> startxref 19301 %%EOF Focus - The almost Christian | Caring Magazine

Vol. #28

Grace Uncovered

Read Issue

Latest Impact StoriesView All

Popular Topics

PopularView All

Focus – The almost Christian

October 26, 2002
4 minute read
Total
0
Shares
0
0
0
Listen to this article

by Dr. James ReadFor the past couple of years the Ethics Center has sponsored a “journal club.” It’s really not as stuffy and academic as the name sounds–honest. Once a month 12 or 15 of us get together for breakfast and talk about ethics. Something we’ve all read gets the discussion started. Generally, the readings are recent and the topics contemporary, but this month Cornelius, my associate, had us read John Wesley’s sermon “The Almost Christian.”

In the sermon Wesley contrasts the “almost Christian” with the “altogether Christian.” Waldy, a Mennonite lawyer who belongs to our journal club, sensed a streak of judgmentalism. Was Wesley doing what many preachers do, namely, drawing a small circle in which he can place himself in order to condemn the vast crowd standing outside it?

I had to acknowledge that I had seen some of that growing up in the Army, so maybe that is what Wesley was up to. But Diane, an Anglican minister in our group who has taken Wesley as a hero, came to his defense. Remember, she said, that Wesley is the one who took the gospel outside the confining and cliquish Anglican church of his day, and preached to the ordinary workers who didn’t feel welcome inside. Her point was that we had to be making a mistake if we thought Wesley’s sermon meant to create an elite. On re-reading it, I think Diane’s right.

Wesley’s “almost Christians” act honestly, and justly. They “feed the hungry if they have food to spare.” They have the “outside” of real Christians: they pray, they reverence the Lord’s Day and the things of the church; they don’t gossip or backbite; they aren’t violent; they live peaceably with everybody; when they are wronged, they turn the other cheek. “Almost Christians” work hard, and try hard to be helpful to their neighbors any way they can be.

To top it off, says Wesley, they are sincere! “Almost Christians” aren’t hypocrites. When they say nice things, they mean it. When they resist sexual temptations, it’s because they really care about their wedding vows and want to be faithful. When they pray it’s because they really believe in God. And so on.

What more could an ethicist want? I find myself asking. Here are genuinely good people. So why don’t they count as “altogether Christians”?

John Wesley’s answer is that they lack the love of God and neighbor, and they lack the kind of trust that lets go.

“But what do you mean?” I want to ask Wesley. “How can it be that people whom you yourself admit really care about their neighbors lack love?”

That’s when I noticed how Wesley described the love he was talking about. It’s a love that’s full of joy, delight, desire, rejoicing, and happiness. His “altogether Christian” is someone who gets a kick out of helping others. Someone who enjoys the give-and-take of the home, the promise-making and promise-keeping of the workplace. The “altogether Christian” may not be as dutiful as the “almost Christian,” Wesley says, but the “altogether Christian” delights in God and other people.

What’s the old song this brings to mind? “Joy, joy, joy. There is joy in the Salvation Army.” Or Charles Wesley’s “Love divine, all loves excelling, Joy of heaven, to earth come down.”

We use different language in the 21st century than John Wesley used in the eighteenth century, but the point he’s making is still important.

Contemporary ethical theory is sometimes divided into “rights-based” and “duty-based” theories. Rights-based theories emphasize the kind of treatment and regard one is entitled to. I believe rights are very important commodities, but an ethics based on rights tends to be strident, shrill, and self-centered. Duty-based theories emphasize one’s responsibilities. Now, duties are important commodities too. There is something very noble in the person who is able to do what she should, not because she wants to, but because it’s her duty. An ethics based on duties, however, feels oppressive and spirit deadening.

Wesley points me to a third possibility–what I’d call a “grace-based” ethics. Beginning with the conviction that we live and move and have our being in God, grace-based ethics doesn’t put rights and entitlements in first place. Beginning with the conviction that God has gifted us with life and each other, it doesn’t put duty in first place either. “Grace” is another word for “gifts,” and gifts are occasions for thanks and celebration. Gifts make us happy. Hopefully gifts delight us so much we become givers ourselves.

One of my favorite Salvation Army history stories concerns a woman missionary to India’s “untouchables.” In traditional Hindu society, the “untouchables” were below the lowest caste, so it was surprising enough that a woman from Europe should come to nurse them in their illnesses. But what really won them to the gospel, according to the story, is that she kissed their feet. That her lips should dare to touch an untouchable’s feet–the most sacred part put to the most profane–was an act beyond comprehension. It was the sort of gift that danced to the tune of grace, and it came from the kind of love John Wesley would have called “altogether Christian.”

e-mail Dr. Read at ethics.centre@sallynet.org

Download this page as a PDF

You May Also Like