%PDF-1.7 1 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Outlines 2 0 R /Pages 3 0 R >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Type /Outlines /Count 0 >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Kids [6 0 R 19 0 R 25 0 R ] /Count 3 /Resources << /ProcSet 4 0 R /Font << /F1 8 0 R /F2 9 0 R /F3 10 0 R /F4 11 0 R /F5 12 0 R >> /XObject << /I1 14 0 R /I2 15 0 R /I3 16 0 R /I4 23 0 R /I5 24 0 R /I6 27 0 R /I7 28 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 17 0 R /GS2 18 0 R /GS3 21 0 R /GS4 22 0 R >> >> /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 612.000 792.000] >> endobj 4 0 obj [/PDF /Text /ImageC ] endobj 5 0 obj << /Producer (dompdf 1.0.2 + CPDF) /CreationDate (D:20250419143749+00'00') /ModDate (D:20250419143749+00'00') >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 612.000 792.000] /Parent 3 0 R /Contents 7 0 R >> endobj 7 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 1913 >> stream xXMϯc~K`{g ;즻ɑߛWݔFڷ` G{UͻKI8;{JƯlWPf␂`NeT4@ޞ$W{LޠdeMܠ[XV;9'I00Tܲ̚Iŕ=NL_=cHAN= .ثTxbפ@&0Vr%wmϙ$BwUV=lhA\JaX*(x4>OL1i&*,>3) #1M+bZ&3×Z h4W ?TӃu5*<~c ZAFOG.g:hyT^Gs,N2 t!OAS{%O׾bOLf[;1< CSh^B V$ V1S@MbI~^{"C{F;3_p WȾo d"L"dZSaQ(G 8c5L`9Dl)<ӥHrXB!^QhPΌ {'!^l!@_ը5IN6uGpPL.XYģdҚ7J;VϡS'] gK61̓ "NauRt<aI@F n CЇWh=+죦HNIQۆkv)Lz#gxo6?T BRNL(7%bKe+˽ :'N d"c7#oN^}r6Fhۉ X B[aE L>fN QS`0Ύ3G/f'}I /Y(5-< w&v<~Ǭ4;K=y $.lѧKpB(ZB0*E=B -'Q0Kn+o@/?Ҵ-1lCi&^m|kRAFC[:m^g\˲*E5N~w8+To0#A6\.@ <4ȳ6250#8:+eey>F-qkT;m7z\O@C [f02#w](9 ky;ǭaP\׉.Rcgm$~jQ6:rO~2paMϿP~]Pȴ08yV&=PhTs@ث3zePcV( $4ɣD?Xra; ^D{w{au_t!Xht߀v72 /OL*#J1l?l𢵜`[ת V`&02NӅ9O01Xc[ISwk:5E\@`ܫ0h2 OG<, Mio qܖlgպWW|]a7jSe-?T=*˔˚IIq_]q=L endstream endobj 8 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F1 /BaseFont /Helvetica /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 9 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F2 /BaseFont /Times-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 10 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F3 /BaseFont /Times-Roman /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 11 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F4 /BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 12 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F5 /BaseFont /Helvetica-Oblique /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 13 0 obj [6 0 R /Fit] endobj 14 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 640 /Height 360 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Filter /DCTDecode /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 32677>> stream JFIFC    !'"#%%%),($+!$%$C   $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$h" A&rC$U#sH?Q/@@D12%Zcea@P\F:.hAGtip.2St NqxHi(,U4ZU4X:`Pe3*yn.[H,LvLTlO~x2}O$˫E(dP \84t-M>DcZDYƥ4 )NP>30 M4ZU4ZU4Xe1tq.ܒ`&C:M/%֐ŽLibo_jiY8elu.€ң .LP(/:)ՠ\RppԤ]M"- tS3m5).w!hheS4m[dՕh,*]0 (.0a@8L]21p(G!   4"b )qU9CP!Sp,:gkmmK5\$-趱FAx !b}MsRW-=[8G}9GaA(a@p*H*UpCEpM.NM) J%lnn7)\ ]:2)VwTNNLBϗzG03;ˍ>nds[wExWզE(.¦I J$W*X *`PU!SZ1hj-XI9e L\=wNw: =~np0eU\`ˁR@UUWAUt CD-5hvܩ|n`fv˕NhdOsJ~P;7_%V5їKVF[u#S^7!Z} UƞidߌSlբ5MMtгi_NKzZy񱇠視l|>ͳHyUxMj',קw\_jqҜOyq#4@z*uqpT9+Bb)GCu:X\[5W6ˠXKigcNno;GOH_HH Ի-&/;Qs].OH{evkDns57@=,9{eO;0z 5qмVk&It]8U2I J%.U ΚK z OuPlC0: eZ &O(ojti/Yo;v`UH0nh&B迏khnWI(:Aۚ|4#zCbCF3h^-Kyf]'sI-3bb!XgmjJ$ER n]-`jӓJ'sJyVk`:ǃ:K>s5.Mw^{4TӴVw.[,-Rrvr',]TJzǣr_TAUR H";`^H3UKxU:E,=vʞQ2kE0r1*k1ߜ;;z`eQmI-ZiJ]⺧ 4tTth 휥fnݸ 6pBYPn\]29ө16yhIZ7K sg-gg9ef:l Iӊ|4OTՖ$%-KYKaC_B6&TVk?@&cn'WwiaMKdU*tE!⚚hKe.*(3NJ5uQ9RZySq<]sOH3q3ˍ-a2 1=D:Ȭrs6VceM Imn-cG3dZ35a8:1* :.A"$$$%aXFR动 IRDӍqޙPi(Ŝ~w'`\9 xh+Q_(+QEQEFTNԇ vhR(D#1]=cȱˏRśxZ+W((((QEWD"E 6S^3J5g#j|dSⓦKn#.L.7stQEQEQE}j#EMgHQ5Q7EdU$)%XȷBNWJ/ 9b͏RR9qs.8^.B!?^(((EQ۫Z}#(%ZдYMd(JKYN6F2|mc *1Ȕ9ŗ8z(_dƐi)BXrv6ŕ"ZBcDh5K-IZՒ&Ǎ|3d5q<s,(EQEQGbбMƔuPMcƈRdAC,n;9m2c.RZ|k;DVe?%"w>7>(raj((~bg.1G 1Eqr>HD6i0IY NSKCօu$7K*qǖzҖkx|ޯ\ML6'p 7#?Q2g,m6x!DrÏ:s#U8^jQ#q,_q85O&ljp;X#ΥĜHLk&:yzYq>5f_;5N/'P>9ТuD|t,4%^)H'2gM@)"=su#gp$.;K Hc2#KYDRQ,i1dLYe9җ Lɱf~TôA݋)rd;sseboe&)b3j;nhhBMIٱ8)&I%,%F<,4SmFrBmYN챏SK$h ǂB:Ҋ^)>(5MGCSVDHeI4|-ylmM=TfEY(Ź 2^l3?Y ) ܿ#QrS'lCd#p'!sͩ/EtP(/(T*C'HIcf|'YХBX%?0n$HYdw4.J;?q4:uԙ(,fmtFY|{_D̗z˿}Ӕy~h(,cQe#3qR/ bГ)Q#,7Dlob-!QdgDQ,dq*p JQJ(Də BeXeFÑR/EccdZ7Cy d;Nô;e|,Y?4֙ЏmDXQ։D}YeHBEWYel)'6!r!ز EFF9v`nw1fbG:;GG}ߙ YeYeYbe#b͍1/HCQi- o"R$yh;rcUfʼn1ؤ)llllllnv (f,~$̈́H(+͋,ccb,ccaL; ""8u676/ŖYf~C%DXM YeYeYeYe_,R1LR,):)}S[\BO1 /K"LFH2tS䣩M\~r3;4K!ZHF#DGO*[25~ܿ Л$U 6g #TZթ|GԪ g< $ O1f~$b@ZQZո%WqldG&,ʑM6@׏Mߑ=RH$դLN|-!dɛA2fG6BufHXmt$llJ(2&IdfM23fl]Cf$Cv`_2F"v7"d:t$*GAHrM.gm=pB : G$z#R.P&F̍Z$tbALSZ6ET A;l5d@$GdL L LLL;#-$ZQ#uH՘110011 4At>1"Ɋw2fLh h #$nT`01#HDE*!1 0AQq"2@RaB?璫t7l}Z ,,21i?O-(crY~We_Ye#i/a$$bWeeYeYeI8"*H}$EW~Q|})> qEEJ-seddYe.<-,O ~v>% 1q0^”F2$rYeّeRLඌ(QȜ"'FeYe^|h҇|hҖ̟/b})Cdv`F4ngYeB֎})ǟ;/i!$m jCE |%ee|KK(>۳B\=$ZZ>K rN>hщFY3.XKiN"fLlexѹc(hag9^Ve󫇣fHR,RE*)C<;lqkK,jƫI"PyY233L2~ű22c>f q1(L^226nnS,kJ1100DI6*)I#vvveiEkZVdk…4P!be6Z22CV`(.bcfB&,zQEicXƬś$,^,]AuX-QGtn&b+BvQEiCF,W BdA&G&R,),sBF&&"KL333T]s.҇C$ئƙZ6(ОEFffE_dzꋪ)^b,,̋, (Bb)fbf3;qd_l"llLOYb?!"1Q2Aaq# PRb3Br0@`$Cs?RFqg,&[AS_ʢF@[?RaeB+T%.jZUXe^xwUj"6QPK[䰒ҢѾ*UJnWwi?شTt\ϪFZCtm -J_+ }MlXK()e]p+ y9A')e<ٲ>t /vo?u%a*nkE^eQR"tQB5KV_ԶkfSe5jT2UXJJ D_ʆ X|C%?0je2sJſt}<+Fr>׮K\ fRPЃ!}Ҩ\!ox<6Ty,%CT^EsY"U1t,&Xh6D9H1X|XTٗX *٫|Zqcv ג߳*Em>)arB6U~뇊-|/wXG%n) T:ZuS,3|x-#bv^ag=3Gv%K+uT]wE6vCXd>XHwEp+^c5|skGd[a<((xPK*,Uf bl@e+gZpp+kJ ]evҡlY֝}ÚteHGPumٟW{KNNW{f|? >,mBk'؝s P뚁iwZ187Iսڍ!Ec-~|T<(Z\>8d%j9?ȭ~ZFjq7ׯ=ØTsyQ7>Ki-C-,^||PU EXcN uP@!_dFg5vݴNSmb׷޳2bjmȨ NX`]6jydc^*;5_EnEUnˮ*T"0I Т܆9TpUcW{ذBfWEmrghAS6 (ŃK9<)mV+(*i<;++拭,YP.ݧ} H)sP}:tumdJSŪl[<06wB_@5Ja ࠺U-y tM3iPU1~[6v(2ݍ'P5T'7\ea|EBHX枰Z?ƪn>ujl)mU s*k**:PȮ:iet u8ZfTWm,wwbB[گkX\:a{ c>~#Ȩk]Ex48jy]sʹSfZ@Uݹ(|]fz#K샾+2ݑZBͧh@XJjsfCuRÁPӓ ܵ?d;JhڬZIh-/&i<oV(#*t*; XL,M pY KM[aUXZaRԐK 7-!f=BCYDx,fU|_Pl o4}Ҵ:O%]E}\ ̖k5B7,ojo<(.uP(?UKG,~ӯܰn*p*JeFh%*>^){?W=,l㶎WJ?"1ԋAaQU\<Ul۞̽C嶛2*6UgJ g yoAPkf7PB5V8x*>:|[)UdY*l!Rf fUbbxt*bfYPVAnڹ>f]ifFK/S/,W*!1AQaq 0@P?!K>>4L׏$a[oK ʖ/-Lʯ0TQ1>! B'HN!Ne# 1AB Ҧh"^Gr/CaK:j DFT:CGm1^PFg =0! PB}Xa!;Dș"%%j=Yg1XCfg {Йy&h:F{ioR{moOHN:!O@!o:!:>/hh!B?ULJC[غ9mN¶= uW->/reLs/ɘ"ݳQZL6tOHBԒHha!Au՝ פ!49ׁ!6u}%;']Pu^oO_ ; /ʻȽ٘f$3=QUe? D8~_у_KXPa'Jcz!N'P֝! XaPB!.kZ&4ʻ1o+ ^xj _te؋Bc['!&5󿹠N?2,{P<3OfB ي}/EM?\po!:I:'@0 t>BhU*ٵyO.؛cCCQw keFl[54GU>KƟ>漽ž/3FJ>j,yp򼭈B)JR)KaOA}6Ye} !͕jvƒ|ݪ1[⿓cw(.# haVsih~^GnOnSr;̺[1DF!)07Wa~3$I3B!OaAeaYaƮHԱuxWY k d}c^4wɡ/#D#7 M6Йg|?;k$$krFYWܣ^ۉNOvÄͯ*02ԄB1,jNcwLupew 76Y'DF.߱)T|#LV# -rM>qY2sɸ>#~dt +n[QcTaUo\'! ]22tp3LYu7Wɫr^%PwK_8NƦIIV U6]jM,z+Q4^T]nB&#F#UWxxG*T$Gl}da۳*q/$ZdcJhic#vO KxlBɟT! a_Aqe}cB#'K'ͧ3}wQY|[ƛ|NI~P RyY,+~?eߕMln3"FQDQ4v+ݯ-B+J/#tWCZX/̕+.&x~."Lt,d񠵇`mno8L>`U2,Jk-0y<&ɮܘĮō-a1}:ADD`pihch!aYgq"dja1[6doj봟ד7_B׽ )wD9~oQ? O;-n'숻Fw%[Ip=4Lޖ ѕBm38_/`scMxij6w׸(? .@K<[̞u6op?9:΢A ֩[9٭Gjv2{ik縓"y_^LU0#!Gcf\-paM{.C4iLe)6#.ăr5N+H.Иbn3 2> F2iVtU\<=Q7;̜ h^V1&>yYK< }X7i)*idi=Ӈ2mdLKfbGg+&~P2(v|<Q<ѭR;4NyF/b/ѥ6Wޙ䬬=QA+t#JY3:k0Ul]~ "ZM4jz-3Ywa_dc׀nѡ#e~BRO>{ zI}v!fj6[ -Է?^r~MQ{H<@&ݍyFG\ϔ= xcN<E)Ɗ#أH/GZa_ 3u4%:i+oއ5evEYYu YѥfOr-CA<ǒCgg'+&A|HvA{Rh]{YOg|Оꍻ'3mE U} #GG0s=c# 'Y,"vec֌"Y^dܜ{1^J@yT|=hDCLdCpԌ2zpa%5B0 hLK#bضc 3)&pK3)^L©075sdoc8]/,#mvH,\h#gdcտLNF]ˡg?8p)9a ~ ,9>D?* V1we+|o$"֮=щ֍cu*^O{HRvu${d1G@u)VMw9;v.x/5<2 z.XOz?) kHC0Lw]p1R5JwoiU8U rel:=- ٱ6  ,7W7I{?(Fm^]aN S;Hl8 F7 WtAIb1-Ⱦ i{Y`tCt I^<3<¢ħ>I Qx2j4Rg~Eؽ>8_C~SɦIJR)JRt** qnRct-.E{p' S̨YqA1jha$4:FYǒO^K -d ~jյ?)nU#mBVKϱ^pKV~!-V^"'o.6uPɕQ5 p RR)JRCdXZl;ntkj7Fݣ$& J3&(2Zz=ԃ̳"B(a䍽;Wf4=i<K>CѮ, J EiІTGtmX"ccLy'I1b$!%鰇OF293'< ۬[Co6PB`Y`\A3d*UI5.NA*]o?xK |qhZ}D )؆9?vSL%3]7˽Qm"@%/e6'$6lKj0SNFQIR"E3BDץK(G@<¾/-׆(dj]*cG PUn1)axg%Ib<|̓0]<)f%<67OxQW3N;:lP{ +jtjcF=>[&6IAJl0_B:P#'~Jz2&179C DLkF\; |%6J8daFPֆڼ,σ3lmnhM<`%-u#H9!vgL ]) 7 :8HtBS B0&D Db% ƭw! uCAk Q4zQ*8\LGpWAy L).j{hD! .7Ehᅢ]''!̆GPJ; lu$Ȟ(3 a4m|ጢ~j"Z2u%xrvΐ٤5eWMccJD^CBȨna1LѨZz2/OFK~iе5zBD8R&k5 Febat5^Ehb7XbtwAnjmGz& ԏFmNぺ}q!M ٔKT`05M$7BqD,^D^EQA%ю#= 7[%XC QaCQq KzT&g4f E(/Bb^G4K"Ǩ*0WG!6f  @GEm79VcV.C8܎G%$P$!/A At:h3qYClmPoAdN} h,L,/w/Q=t 0>a!$At.WA QEtt25C)ΉNte)t;ʒI.F͏=t J :_U˨ J%;Dz ,V_I7M:)YhRDk$ăHK!: +QzX dXꏭX6 {[ 8"EaQ3 p.bH|J;N:̀@H9SSpq9LiF WJ#n0Hך,wHgnǢ.Z;1:㺟$?lG ｏem9Y/ܲ<ѾAlh\wM`тqCUƓf 4`ˇ>N *r}O$;. "l7ջ¿%'R @ZІ߶yC4WV%k\dmhzJoCo߼s=S@7 NoӲx ?Yh{>_YY~əߤ CX뒭uX2#&} MwEv[[Qj"š kH56@BWaogX:@ o`&e^L`iq9eF xۙK%/Zfg^8GL]óM:Abµ{. )Ԫ5 śf'92zyy:"isH'T/5*ϼ ptZ/qmnY?>3sM60~<<Ϣ{"#v'}v (!1AQaq 0?}BpG_G?ӓVW?{-ŖY,^ e kg@āp2E9a=߬~?am ,3e'-8m8}2}677O~SÒ$MgoI!'Vr*uk>ˎ.1}dPumYg67>6ۏ13ZSRӟ:7FNj& Pt߉cpv\Yevۏ<\yrrYyۉ;oI_YtF~KζOO׸PYeYcsss;;;%si ~ 3w+59H^Ibu+䵐ܹ.*!CkeYqq̖NBV?H1-hFoك]?`cᓉnmq˦ uܗmYeYeY;{hN3Ǹqfbl:HX}X8Hƶ$Ol9'Lz%}\\&?nj)[WK%sԲl0x D1q2o|&Yexej&q< x] ;tzL=N}sp4v pc}tYeYrFxʜJzoÒ )mOxm\ /5nọ)-In~6\FZO3Wc-X曌vʹw6,C^.6WצWdX`k`}= }G8NN>K zV&7erLő$p}.A Qe[VՓ^lmo͹m-w(Wv M \-ɂ*V,ɅJ vxiz6l29K "˩D# #+0D"C6pM,|< 2,I>"x)kVAnRVxe5&yGoʼn1F<?$#љ|=GG Xo(!1AQaq 0?~#=?qGOvYmmѶB!ރlwO׼rg>->>u6޻ѶmC=6!M~$n8ǁϝhfO;^wy>?k|Oiܵmm[m┤! Rg;?oԅu; l}a|iN~nƶmۛ[Q!Ran̜57j6<y q3܅jsW>Osw^re tmXQTN0ng3#'F KO7 3 6;aVok  n#6 !!:_>?8ۃ. g^?Nns礞gf:Iyv-޹ӞkmA ?x[eO8A/<  ݏMüܠ1v?tmލKHȆy1?;|n $ןI?ͬXSF '6|ܟs_Xrm<؋dZļ ,J+N0zNC~O͇gaw=rWǛspJBV~ nmmmC3 ˛6>d=>lwv4C;v9*Zd=8l1q8mm<{DBs }%#А=X[ [95 \2\.{m۔Ѐ-aenm㽧yi^gɷ'&lP˅x׋"Ż3E]pi#'[ F.g};@Xvrxw$C2vWv8Dmuuɋ%!f@vnGhIZZع,^ˠDtrz5z3Mf7hxf BnnXt.eCA/D r@fD =3&$A wa;E$T\,9VլtВMU?6e:ۼȇw:xO=OR:<%gm[aT^X0R"ĉK苚Zz: APW_X;Gh^#,S3ňybTE6*t6DZ'Ɉ|&%8 P)źJ#sۓVR"nԺ:Q~3Wh}AcEUԉ)&J&6 9pz1g[LLKX7iVӘib\ jİo5Pʚ+Ti\EӉx> e̵Dq+avjΟH2tO)?g@9Ja,͹>2רGk8^Ac֢2}3+AWd3q4SˬƦgkfO:[Z8`]FѧƺO&;B;wh,Ei-w#4SǸIac,g;ugԗ @e.H}OJS逫 Amee?C'ō.q?ܹ3 i!u1WT*i7Uzxv:$97z},ZLlm wuCf&X+fO RD2q@6|=1]2# ői-jM ZtΈW(0[FlzJ`X-CHڹ4P f=29׽P=p1-a*SMNdVz`: twZ~uZ}9SgU"tԢlw&|2h>`;:00Z{|)*m2A`)6vB*Q+ķyh'YWlc}`8#mH"I)#yG~gO-Qgxre@4tq\/B,&;梶cvSd8 +=0P _ ?܁"QZ}yjt0o,N҇٨|Gsr=2*y1`vbjnԒ (0IG?#Hf؋v21mi)ؕA4TRyi2G)˟X)k|fVͳRKUeOIb#t/3=)Yog(:yd-/RG!?^1u(qu>2 &j%+<ם~pX$Mmw(*5 ¿@*+@))MJJDі0ؕMzAM&\| 1Q8acgǬIzԢhAvOzIa@WL+FR G}0/dhN5qRt| ;1n zGKxIgͲR?4?X# VhI^: AZN7-BO  .**_27h.+c/m**DJ/HWi,Si1VPD>"<4oOqȹ}SYѫ&C0O"Q#z/O2df^9sx܀z0d` E:U]mgMwB'5؝{:A m6}͕ŋ7/lШ+ufҘEJ)ʕHo-ioj)DDJ\DLDmDUZm4YD'D6VdbS_prVI}0~ Vex1@sl̡{҇ڻ֢⥮)v3se[S9 }FEtX&i"]ְ*K7TSQ$n0CS>Gyn0ݱP"aB:tyLPDSZO_p-NRfQ(RS紼S-𴴷O?2Hf,cD[!WYQu42CeId T ~Ogc~,صc&,,ׇdМk\KMKR4pn68em h1Z*;ąW`4E*SU)GwN!T}C#ʔ^R!;CB ( `tv:h/a}. d0miQwLGhJҙLiud&S$xEG2ї"&Ѵۘ;Bc;߄&.h!xDJF쒾b}̣&y %~Ht(c:A؊`x?1e3^py5%(`v}߷T^Ï,rU QPG8G+ 4ƎhS!j=&l~GgPdž L#178"j%w!ԭ!%:e{< TDQĬ KEE|9Kvxc E"D[TZoI%GµɘPU* v7~$!nG9~ݢ'3/$J-}2\=0=3@ԂCChV {Q$ .N}Lf5w[189gkF. 1̣y)r:(˥Xs#~6md I)WbܛA3hrHTPYkI+Q&bJe31ij)EoFU,wҁS3""iAWxQwG|Wi.Ec WN%1+m{&q.6j ^*c*.`a {4}T>RJ0J=O`ӲJ i*^3T TNWIfi*/E5 0Tl~.y/9qy8qCEzDƳ֦opp>|+gbDF_*֊yEa zclFS#`:)´zat57jAįϱ)çf9=Bq{i9ᕁ@g#y<9mc4&9װ(@RSYѡC~E+^V6M8NIN%(2y0y# >qNuD$NcO s$f"&ֆ31+!FW_un[@ ;fJ;atM$ĬTyEp/ ~&z_P;h SGk w YD`>g4hD o#% Zph7.*"zeAr{(P dcދ |BD;h<֌%[]]P<;1^G& @f xfJް.PDvjXDJt3w 9<áL55_dU+'"kv<s3JLb7HG4y#hG|9ddBl[3Ljg T{ OpYQlM*)CFoa.{ .0~aEw7{0A|\]:ZO7:?uuBMXu]TtyfTHy4#%%_5 O%_#{TROԯr%eCWݍ^h2!oE%qkC|g_U2qEq,8$yߩak<`~LWZ"ᷘIFS1?0NN^"Q>w- KٲҜk0Oa2ɣ #>XvyEkf|[ŴQX.tKEb_y`ZmS .K dVDʕ*$HD$N幊Ŀb$F7ԷQkݦF (\VC2R/&%6o eI@9*>7 He,-MCD8?lD Qy0 uN(p~9A~Ըi_JYu'ZzŻ4~_G`'ei.2Ys  P!dU(y#{}F 92LD̞V 0Wz~1mO8_+(0ekEJ;?tir9IujQKhQF!m *̛ļ^(s4B˛*TIQ%JTH"Dq"w3̾QQ}GvOQ ~um uM~cPKr(R T3沺irXTkup3/arMihN'`JکL=Wrƀ@~`J+yC2yܧgE쿂,˨;L4t>]ЀO&u@J]@+O25evKc׏&'L$p` Hsaz)zLo_QTChw_*7lPkqظtzKE,.å*~X ^?ȭ@Zh20@wt@]+GԖQ]/ ^ *ȃ+rޟcB}* KY0E;wFr=Rsf)8&- _s9t M 97̂(5'WAu 4{*8%*}t+$%{cQ:p%_O2Jxc$IQ"DT5 P:>\/Q.l]yXod52cx hM >ET&mk-ZwԂ >>gKN@̓%&NFA-HZ˟?f_evu -,:>"1bŗ,YqbX`]{i R'`{eGe6"[q;h!,bTzwC2oRX@@a4K:GCw+K%)Ri {l-H6Fj-UC)(nq+>2| b=@Lϲ F6O5&._*Y+`PwbiQN/̠/rlQIzKu)T)n WhmTk^;YB2?20 0 \eL,a9& IJm`fr0߈̻H!r\ 0fİr  4JV"nv#4 ~hͩ&.g+'`*b7KuZ-˞ HTkt6 ,H3h 2Wӿs_g8L_ͯcq -"}#"NGᙐ kalwR6vEZa1PX}N0C˹ʲH=? ,,4P 1j6qƼ-Lf`,ŁJ#0U MR,b%:q(0#ssrG. [4*ۼVe=('!'A4!zݗ]ĪXTp=Pl)B+ tCEq.#*Rs|J/2b d콠^%V2L Lbp 1  0-E24I!U%e!imLT`4edAE 9jKjCũ4f 66{?K sԠBscq I@@}*kL[,͵ADvEcpEZ 4Y m*Q‘mL(9܇C 565&ٚ\H.j`B)jXA \QP)c 7>ho0@໖1JtǸxfb`rJ+BRTr>$If"beJMiuc銇p^(w- 7҅԰&%ܕ5j/d[.xCw23P~ϕNdg72{P0/zǍ\$dlahz\P^ ^ 21(ޞ"?)tSLS)YEE0eY -/B}ETBw'nh"gDSSnWBQNH2 >ȞWlYJw#:pJ.H]m-G#19odŶxez#KIK3󆫦勸p/ a?s8SixƑO LE9Ee] ԅ49gB&bmR.["ZXb@CY0Up }@ȒCRoe SΝتX&UCT l7uq3"kh XF' CҊZrj'l}t;Ca~G)W$91.v*AvLl/L\ވ2#OKh?s(B*ʎO$D~<;↤sE*,OP=nbf:Z`T\"2.YAnІl db\ُA޳ 19c=A 5G^%Է"o{`tj(t2 "YВ¢UXx HY07EaՂ20 Z ZF6\1X&ZA[0KYS 럀m3,hCHC! 8U5YJF؛U ܨweM j$ѠDU/] ;×;jW}L~el)By2ZHvQD!тsvY\3 21Q^֑)ȎA}F1<#1Fx2\2ͼG፰˶_25-LQtk#D0kMғVc% DxA N#Fˀ'&EKV> cs_wj=Auxp X|*o0e#?4HE;B34+bT :#x4*ЙՔq0˸9XNe'Y^M!3_yLd:D!T( -+r!PN:\0ڋFD BttDK'?_Q:28)ZFJj U)l-+:KIL`DjB@ް&wicbZ}f[f;k u 1Qڤ@40  aj*T _d 3@-T;By\qF{pLRطukq³ 0/j L.\88 "=)o)r'yS bLNf]eô샼̯x9[-̻:3;n`aet'q r`˸B BАV|0PF'|,o` fmfzX4k o/y1> /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 5329>> stream xqDǯ뺒$ILfff&I335Lf2\3I2L&_3$3I$d+$\W=9y9lLss99P`0 `0 `0 `0 !U_:~u = F~sZŻدns⃪Qg¢G(F[-s͓^ DZ>d>3Dr#\OΉ, ZFwjux<;4Ƀxز#_v?nO<|{7c(b{Oū}w[N e~Hs䎷wwOn<1B.k+%U=eԘ -mCj)t:}c'ϓ*n"-ovkZ?R"V%wʶ7s]eX&eǕq` 1-2e JYHCFOUam 7:(Ԙt_@ހN t{B~ :V@}o#7!z^&zFL:ʤn X<- %"bNWqF c` M'4?cH-V`ǵAF>=#Ěm75dB I&7E5<>-͏їFǿl3M6x]Y&)2 FoΌ N.<t i4wL\^=_|Fo؏IȄ ik$ɄL?{?|tmCޮ=~T&iTevϷ'奔s?EꋄLPY͹箵?@L:Aˤ3y_:9AtA*0qVe- e6g)%a}.qKcI V/xʤzM|\ HSql0;*%+Mذ-闛obebu2iU&lLbtIcxb5^B#8 ޮaʻ _ w>j+L:$"&O;bZ K1 jmU玫ݢ=S/J<WO2'_yUPvp=`"aL5 Nl7"rlQT޼==-I[Se* F'(\`󴯉'{:נnVZ TG6*r$Tyx^LJū.C<3` %ANrxUo"˄ 0&$tO F&bIcW3GG͈ y!{m,LkCI d,(2"@ dR%F1thUL8Rݒ^+v9^?sʯYעDl~Qd" N2sc|ov}=F,3K#vxIvG^,[OM&wI[#,Jޙ\ض;L^fv[LbyYvM#/EI#/Zס$(ڼ ," &LK/IF i-Zx彰픢]MKeR n(PhV'LҸ\f$w/ e]"mɷWO߻˱ KerSPe (ӼGMȈ}X?ʍto7ZKl+81_Y&ǡd uʤ1Vw!sQ"/$zNkw(t)2BWQW"˄OXLp:e‡# וzn2F}qlc5ؾ:WH xLz LP:d# Q>(MRېd2Qt$o~R$YR5,-nޜLr_βehd" 2k1lvO X= eC p+[R=jU!֖}_DޟY2 (*wkZQ>Fl̲soR#^u3hhyTԲt.LtD8sk4z4Rbl@zp4hy0Tn\=.fnő Y/:TC9<@fSI$:QR/bq7DfR/ֻn)Vqd"䳽˄GL;ϝRG顼n&%Sv eFv,L"t}I&N> D73]$e)( ;]XhL`kSzJlcC$<)깍h}dr,1ܝRM뭍eMa $?e3f8΍҈&P(x+JU5{I 3 M- ;7|#G9 !\œ&=xp2,L{-`?OW":4uܚEadv ~9q.VdV%UT@73$@W¯B!ݒaVLH:!opr;gAɀiήpfߙR E/IDO*Luf0}{7mfyDxT.g)w5RvHx#Z]&M$ gZUTt+lZqZ_;a&JaG,-JLJDFIcV|:I3nB&;N0Lna=Y_Gl,p5,,kc EKgd;2vt7selT9˸sX޲.6r<1!| L0lTMS1?Xsf cq )KSgBB&׭x. v c@^Yk΀v],E[ɾ QhYyXXC2)g/J@su1ScL, ?C[{V2i͛!סӠ&> 6lu>4Ƕʤ|=12鱧l{^:a/Y%~].26G: p^CZ V&Vedҟ?RrX7d#I]ՕuL1 ?_ /12IEh ̴b<ӯ^e _ϝ䰻^]vy> /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 873>> stream x1j08-K/)],) &gi+:U̲\"9H!@"9H!@"9H!@eY.Z[p_E{QHKV[/`j%ʒcP,SX4W{7urd5ɱPr:-ֆʇX$$zfZpClbw7z{[]qGlwlGlZiM,ߺ7x}w` L9=3zpWL9 j)ۓB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$e]k` B$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$/؋ endstream endobj 17 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /CA 0.3 >> endobj 18 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /ca 0.3 >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 612.000 792.000] /Parent 3 0 R /Contents 20 0 R >> endobj 20 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 2074 >> stream xX]s6}32->I|tt ?炒dDLsn>.uMS57lWkVtflJۚ׿"[UR;8JadFo2 &lMdDP驳>NG*UPғp SяJtjB rSd2JV&YA-mk ݑp$+z:xgZ ´f";U8~>vLP!vp]Q-J$K46tZg>X3abI)Z<\f|4z-*kem&(A>2 ĢdU,:7r5My¦vwz x&=+?(['d%'m q9^g)rYFD=⼭pV=cFOI[? #zIZ\kH!gHeJ[QԎrL  "PUbgYJ?M`U:s ;-#GQ|2 O*Gl "Ҵ&bɦ˔ e?&Xıy.h># 2 H/+[z eK20}AXcX(XdYJZ]y.1J^[gꠌ__h (Q7 ߩftyhP.c`(ٓӬF?+=Tj +0L9.)-OYXDGB ~w'N{ķ|0wZ3f9c|2[_ !9̰S{5¨ϧq皔cH#BY-(Dh$ϝ CN&yl:)HƼ-❀eے+Nuedʠw#^#[X O^Wp+fϩ.S σ MF(P057<X镍RqPu4y{D4R(~Gʃm1Kyevj:H"6> endobj 22 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /ca 1 >> endobj 23 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 550 /Height 140 /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Predictor 15 /Colors 1 /Columns 550 /BitsPerComponent 8>> /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 5329>> stream xqDǯ뺒$ILfff&I335Lf2\3I2L&_3$3I$d+$\W=9y9lLss99P`0 `0 `0 `0 !U_:~u = F~sZŻدns⃪Qg¢G(F[-s͓^ DZ>d>3Dr#\OΉ, ZFwjux<;4Ƀxز#_v?nO<|{7c(b{Oū}w[N e~Hs䎷wwOn<1B.k+%U=eԘ -mCj)t:}c'ϓ*n"-ovkZ?R"V%wʶ7s]eX&eǕq` 1-2e JYHCFOUam 7:(Ԙt_@ހN t{B~ :V@}o#7!z^&zFL:ʤn X<- %"bNWqF c` M'4?cH-V`ǵAF>=#Ěm75dB I&7E5<>-͏їFǿl3M6x]Y&)2 FoΌ N.<t i4wL\^=_|Fo؏IȄ ik$ɄL?{?|tmCޮ=~T&iTevϷ'奔s?EꋄLPY͹箵?@L:Aˤ3y_:9AtA*0qVe- e6g)%a}.qKcI V/xʤzM|\ HSql0;*%+Mذ-闛obebu2iU&lLbtIcxb5^B#8 ޮaʻ _ w>j+L:$"&O;bZ K1 jmU玫ݢ=S/J<WO2'_yUPvp=`"aL5 Nl7"rlQT޼==-I[Se* F'(\`󴯉'{:נnVZ TG6*r$Tyx^LJū.C<3` %ANrxUo"˄ 0&$tO F&bIcW3GG͈ y!{m,LkCI d,(2"@ dR%F1thUL8Rݒ^+v9^?sʯYעDl~Qd" N2sc|ov}=F,3K#vxIvG^,[OM&wI[#,Jޙ\ض;L^fv[LbyYvM#/EI#/Zס$(ڼ ," &LK/IF i-Zx彰픢]MKeR n(PhV'LҸ\f$w/ e]"mɷWO߻˱ KerSPe (ӼGMȈ}X?ʍto7ZKl+81_Y&ǡd uʤ1Vw!sQ"/$zNkw(t)2BWQW"˄OXLp:e‡# וzn2F}qlc5ؾ:WH xLz LP:d# Q>(MRېd2Qt$o~R$YR5,-nޜLr_βehd" 2k1lvO X= eC p+[R=jU!֖}_DޟY2 (*wkZQ>Fl̲soR#^u3hhyTԲt.LtD8sk4z4Rbl@zp4hy0Tn\=.fnő Y/:TC9<@fSI$:QR/bq7DfR/ֻn)Vqd"䳽˄GL;ϝRG顼n&%Sv eFv,L"t}I&N> D73]$e)( ;]XhL`kSzJlcC$<)깍h}dr,1ܝRM뭍eMa $?e3f8΍҈&P(x+JU5{I 3 M- ;7|#G9 !\œ&=xp2,L{-`?OW":4uܚEadv ~9q.VdV%UT@73$@W¯B!ݒaVLH:!opr;gAɀiήpfߙR E/IDO*Luf0}{7mfyDxT.g)w5RvHx#Z]&M$ gZUTt+lZqZ_;a&JaG,-JLJDFIcV|:I3nB&;N0Lna=Y_Gl,p5,,kc EKgd;2vt7selT9˸sX޲.6r<1!| L0lTMS1?Xsf cq )KSgBB&׭x. v c@^Yk΀v],E[ɾ QhYyXXC2)g/J@su1ScL, ?C[{V2i͛!סӠ&> 6lu>4Ƕʤ|=12鱧l{^:a/Y%~].26G: p^CZ V&Vedҟ?RrX7d#I]ՕuL1 ?_ /12IEh ̴b<ӯ^e _ϝ䰻^]vy> /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 873>> stream x1j08-K/)],) &gi+:U̲\"9H!@"9H!@"9H!@eY.Z[p_E{QHKV[/`j%ʒcP,SX4W{7urd5ɱPr:-ֆʇX$$zfZpClbw7z{[]qGlwlGlZiM,ߺ7x}w` L9=3zpWL9 j)ۓB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$e]k` B$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$/؋ endstream endobj 25 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 612.000 792.000] /Parent 3 0 R /Contents 26 0 R >> endobj 26 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 442 >> stream xn0slzKܪci6=[Ęa?!=hhS)\:ܵkjBd?Ir$0EZ񠭁{xNh n|:-ut}ì$-P_S{QQ1q$`N:5Φ#{R%#MUHhzk l0j!>،t[֢}g'f HXqeڣ*()ݡZbuFwAvW?K;87@}ҭ! VA'I^/4χm4Ax4'%ڊn!&H+h߮iI2Ч<!Dp,W$֩yM//(lfse!MIS377;o09eyc9՗I~B~` endstream endobj 27 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 550 /Height 140 /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Predictor 15 /Colors 1 /Columns 550 /BitsPerComponent 8>> /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 5329>> stream xqDǯ뺒$ILfff&I335Lf2\3I2L&_3$3I$d+$\W=9y9lLss99P`0 `0 `0 `0 !U_:~u = F~sZŻدns⃪Qg¢G(F[-s͓^ DZ>d>3Dr#\OΉ, ZFwjux<;4Ƀxز#_v?nO<|{7c(b{Oū}w[N e~Hs䎷wwOn<1B.k+%U=eԘ -mCj)t:}c'ϓ*n"-ovkZ?R"V%wʶ7s]eX&eǕq` 1-2e JYHCFOUam 7:(Ԙt_@ހN t{B~ :V@}o#7!z^&zFL:ʤn X<- %"bNWqF c` M'4?cH-V`ǵAF>=#Ěm75dB I&7E5<>-͏їFǿl3M6x]Y&)2 FoΌ N.<t i4wL\^=_|Fo؏IȄ ik$ɄL?{?|tmCޮ=~T&iTevϷ'奔s?EꋄLPY͹箵?@L:Aˤ3y_:9AtA*0qVe- e6g)%a}.qKcI V/xʤzM|\ HSql0;*%+Mذ-闛obebu2iU&lLbtIcxb5^B#8 ޮaʻ _ w>j+L:$"&O;bZ K1 jmU玫ݢ=S/J<WO2'_yUPvp=`"aL5 Nl7"rlQT޼==-I[Se* F'(\`󴯉'{:נnVZ TG6*r$Tyx^LJū.C<3` %ANrxUo"˄ 0&$tO F&bIcW3GG͈ y!{m,LkCI d,(2"@ dR%F1thUL8Rݒ^+v9^?sʯYעDl~Qd" N2sc|ov}=F,3K#vxIvG^,[OM&wI[#,Jޙ\ض;L^fv[LbyYvM#/EI#/Zס$(ڼ ," &LK/IF i-Zx彰픢]MKeR n(PhV'LҸ\f$w/ e]"mɷWO߻˱ KerSPe (ӼGMȈ}X?ʍto7ZKl+81_Y&ǡd uʤ1Vw!sQ"/$zNkw(t)2BWQW"˄OXLp:e‡# וzn2F}qlc5ؾ:WH xLz LP:d# Q>(MRېd2Qt$o~R$YR5,-nޜLr_βehd" 2k1lvO X= eC p+[R=jU!֖}_DޟY2 (*wkZQ>Fl̲soR#^u3hhyTԲt.LtD8sk4z4Rbl@zp4hy0Tn\=.fnő Y/:TC9<@fSI$:QR/bq7DfR/ֻn)Vqd"䳽˄GL;ϝRG顼n&%Sv eFv,L"t}I&N> D73]$e)( ;]XhL`kSzJlcC$<)깍h}dr,1ܝRM뭍eMa $?e3f8΍҈&P(x+JU5{I 3 M- ;7|#G9 !\œ&=xp2,L{-`?OW":4uܚEadv ~9q.VdV%UT@73$@W¯B!ݒaVLH:!opr;gAɀiήpfߙR E/IDO*Luf0}{7mfyDxT.g)w5RvHx#Z]&M$ gZUTt+lZqZ_;a&JaG,-JLJDFIcV|:I3nB&;N0Lna=Y_Gl,p5,,kc EKgd;2vt7selT9˸sX޲.6r<1!| L0lTMS1?Xsf cq )KSgBB&׭x. v c@^Yk΀v],E[ɾ QhYyXXC2)g/J@su1ScL, ?C[{V2i͛!סӠ&> 6lu>4Ƕʤ|=12鱧l{^:a/Y%~].26G: p^CZ V&Vedҟ?RrX7d#I]ՕuL1 ?_ /12IEh ̴b<ӯ^e _ϝ䰻^]vy> /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 873>> stream x1j08-K/)],) &gi+:U̲\"9H!@"9H!@"9H!@eY.Z[p_E{QHKV[/`j%ʒcP,SX4W{7urd5ɱPr:-ֆʇX$$zfZpClbw7z{[]qGlwlGlZiM,ߺ7x}w` L9=3zpWL9 j)ۓB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$e]k` B$ DrB$ DrB$ DrB$/؋ endstream endobj xref 0 29 0000000000 65535 f 0000000009 00000 n 0000000074 00000 n 0000000120 00000 n 0000000490 00000 n 0000000527 00000 n 0000000676 00000 n 0000000779 00000 n 0000002765 00000 n 0000002872 00000 n 0000002980 00000 n 0000003090 00000 n 0000003203 00000 n 0000003319 00000 n 0000003348 00000 n 0000036194 00000 n 0000041769 00000 n 0000042900 00000 n 0000042959 00000 n 0000043018 00000 n 0000043123 00000 n 0000045271 00000 n 0000045328 00000 n 0000045385 00000 n 0000050960 00000 n 0000052091 00000 n 0000052196 00000 n 0000052711 00000 n 0000058286 00000 n trailer << /Size 29 /Root 1 0 R /Info 5 0 R /ID[] >> startxref 59417 %%EOF Disaster reduction in an age of rising seas | Caring Magazine

Vol. #28

Grace Uncovered

Read Issue

Latest Impact StoriesView All

Popular Topics

PopularView All

Disaster reduction in an age of rising seas

April 26, 2016
4 minute read
Total
0
Shares
0
0
0
Listen to this article

Adaptation and mitigation could play a larger role going forward.

By Mindy Farabee –

In recent years, a raft of new data has emerged on the impacts of rising sea levels around the globe, painting a far more dire picture of how water-borne disasters could remake the world in coming decades. Now, that’s prompting something of a sea-change in how communities are approaching the growing hazards posed by rising oceans.

“The key thing is, initially, a lot of our attention was on reversing climate change,” said Rich Gordon, a northern California lawmaker who recently passed legislation to create a statewide database to be used for planning efforts. “I think the big shift now in thinking…even if we stop emissions tomorrow, we’ll still have decades of rise, because of cumulative effects.” What’s important now, he said, is to begin looking at ways to adapt.

Two recent studies have helped rekindle the discussion. In one, researchers at the University of Georgia estimated that over 13 million people living along U.S. coasts could be pushed inland by flooding by the end of this century. Nearly simultaneously, a study in the journal Nature posited that the huge West Antarctic ice sheet is at risk of collapsing by 2100, combining with other factors to drive sea levels up by six feet, or nearly double what had previously been predicted by the U.N.’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Estimates still vary widely, but the underlying factors are well understood. Sea level rise is driven by both glacier melt and expansion of warmer waters, as a consequence of greenhouse gas emissions, and some of its effects have already been observed.

“There’s a measurement near the Golden Gate Bridge, where the water has risen seven inches in the last century,” Gordon said. “It’s rising at a faster rate moving forward.”

California may be home to the third most coastal lands in the continental U.S., but it’s communities in the nation’s southern region that have recently been singled out as some of the most vulnerable. Already, there and elsewhere, a year of record flooding driven by extreme weather has made headlines around the world. From a disaster relief perspective, what happens when there’s more water to fuel the storms?

“The biggest concern for me is that even a small rise in sea level could seriously impact storm surges,” said Jeff Jellets, disaster coordinator for the Southern Territory. Even under current conditions, Jellets points out, flood maps show parts of Georgia inundated in the aftermath of a catastrophic hurricane. Going forward, two of the nation’s most at-risk cities are Tampa and Miami, where relief efforts are complicated by large elderly populations coping with dietary restrictions and mobility issues. Infrastructure resources could face new perils as well. Houston, for instance, has multiple oil refineries potentially lying in the path of rising waters.

And while some of the country’s priciest real estate sits along its beaches, overall it’s often the poorest who are most in harm’s way. “I look at Louisiana, those living in the floodplains usually can’t afford to live anywhere else,” Jellets said.

Overall, 69 percent of Americans liked the idea of the U.S. taking action to limit its greenhouse gas emissions, according to a 2015 poll by the Pew Research Center. Strikingly, however, among 18 to 29-year-olds, that figure jumps to 85 percent. “[Climate change is] a big issue for millennials,” noted John Berglund, Emergency Disaster Services director for the Western Territory.

Based on new estimates, people born today could live to see some of these dire predictions play out. In 2012, Berglund was serving as Eastern Territory coordinator when Hurricane Sandy hit, dramatically illustrating the effects of sea level rise particularly around New York City. This past February, he and representatives from all five zones attended a conference in Hong Kong, where they explored new thinking in disaster preparedness and the idea of moving toward a “culture of prevention” in regards to disaster reduction.

The conference took some inspiration from a 1999 statement by U.N. Secretary Kofi Annan, in which he called disaster reduction “a moral imperative.” Seeking to reduce risks, The Salvation Army has begun offering training and support in several flood-prone communities, taking proactive steps such as clearing blocked drainage channels to aid water flow away from inhabited areas, building more robust bridges to assist in evacuations, working with local authorities to provide early warning equipment, and implementing nets and barriers to protect fish stocks and the livelihoods of local fishing communities.

“Organizations like The Salvation Army that play a key role in disaster response have thought through where we have vulnerabilities,” Gordon said. “That information needs to be part of the conversation.”

Ultimately, though, it will be the world’s governments that must do the heavy lifting in disaster reduction, noted Major Alison Thompson, international emergency services coordinator.

“A culture of prevention is a difficult issue for communities which have little or no influence over policies in industrialized countries which increase the effects of global warming and rise in sea levels,” she said. “Governments will need to acknowledge the impact of their policies and practices on particularly vulnerable communities in this regard and be encouraged to invest in ways to reduce such impact and build capacity in order to prevent further losses.”

In the meantime, however, mitigation has become more than a buzzword—it’s now a huge niche market, according to Berglund.

“A lot of foundations want to fund it, because there’s a lot of wisdom in it, and we come full circle to where the conversation started,” he said. “That’s because rising sea water has changed the game.”

Download this page as a PDF

You May Also Like