%PDF-1.7 1 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Outlines 2 0 R /Pages 3 0 R >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Type /Outlines /Count 0 >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Kids [6 0 R 21 0 R ] /Count 2 /Resources << /ProcSet 4 0 R /Font << /F1 8 0 R /F2 9 0 R /F3 10 0 R /F4 11 0 R /F5 23 0 R >> /XObject << /I1 13 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 18 0 R /GS2 19 0 R /GS3 24 0 R /GS4 25 0 R /GS5 28 0 R >> >> /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 612.000 792.000] >> endobj 4 0 obj [/PDF /Text /ImageC ] endobj 5 0 obj << /Producer (dompdf 3.1.0 + CPDF) /CreationDate (D:20251022031535+00'00') /ModDate (D:20251022031535+00'00') >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 612.000 792.000] /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 14 0 R 16 0 R ] /Contents 7 0 R >> endobj 7 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 1980 >> stream xXю}%1`n]MD٬ t 4K7C|?#tj(DOUs`P==RiqcAOv-K?ą8PǓ5d$A +*[!J u/v!I)w..琾h#pn8t$[*mיo)EϟDWȁ;ŗ҄~ś6H-eIە>rL @TW0w\P*P Wq4Vp&!cx+qzK, Y:c ט$=$ ٪N ătIioD.j;ɂ(yb(áIꮹRN,~e'&[KaC.4^G{񅏲m=Ὺ*I6J&.q./6{OlcUw[$%@;- }Mm/(tKaDZi^t"v ~lL- TIv͕.Њ;=qk&HBvFqAF cy C׿H̷@ 7HTw6J10 +GZOdQAUMǮZ72csq+,;V шs=v!HpZ8tJVh$/ni3k1Ax2=i1Y/W.u*&B^ Xt~rYp?iv [#|VYE@o%V;hͯLFg]Gyev{ Ň4&>: V@'#\|.+C0r L7(AwK_YL> v[IHfIMd|lc-8W`m0a@}ek~v,u{vb|xXQBS\оNO@7Ks[8^[YWXě%tgL1kHTȑ#O*0?icWCeq&S@҇qp1P Օ#\." H.Pmx ' 6C9Ri;gͅEůPpW#,o'y%ٔ!Rnee}ΦPr{y[^w6^Os<]|}16$x{l.FN]nH>7,YSM1oLD "(+mK[I:5ssԧ ҕЕ6' .eX\~bH5)@q%̕zd[}?hOڲ]ưVtf/N"? XH؎C7g_2S yn{?7S h7ʦY6DnnyUf6X/^[1rZ\M![F@57ղd.F#gwp̻xF:δnIn'[;"5b!-J9.nh tyV4_,Ql;w]3s-f;MgP)x+7$ "dr!GuCtèR溟)yby# +m/Cڲ;co9ru-O|lnȄdv{}z'Xq=< zN9NXeU#_M} w(X\ ƌ3IyY=*RXGyD Y wzxcۀo\ ;/`)8WgG8ReɽsSig+;afAg|8&C!C)=n(98:>}xz1kį_J> 3$A])!|̢ endstream endobj 8 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F1 /BaseFont /Helvetica /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 9 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F2 /BaseFont /Times-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 10 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F3 /BaseFont /Times-Roman /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 11 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F4 /BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 12 0 obj [6 0 R /Fit] endobj 13 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 2000 /Height 1333 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Filter /DCTDecode /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 28170>> stream ExifII*Duckyhttp://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/ Adobed!!44B/)/B=3223=FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF!!*%*3 3F3*3FFF88FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF5"z1!AQaq"2BRC1!AQaq"2 ? ((P( PAE@ (p(S0 @D@ 0P *(( TE@@ATQPPT PPPEADL(( ((&PAU ( ҨЂ "((EL -@PTTPPPEA@TQEPEETT A@DA@A@EPPTT@Q^Q " (( @Q8PTDPPP ( p .PP*("QE@((( ( E *(      2(((  " `PH"( ('(*( (  `@E( " r.P@AEPQ@EPTPTTP@TPE@PAP@@ * ( / APFl@PTDU@T\*@@ATEETPPEP@' "p("@T * (9D@APQT@(*** *EU@ * * "-  PA@EPPAA@E@TP@EEQP@DPP9PPP (*("(*@@AAD^AQEp("("( 4*+-*(""PTPTPPEQAPD@P@T@QTPQA@€   P8PT@9@E   "*" " E@9 `@TEP  ( "(PPPȀ(((U@ *(@E@E@@@TT@PA@P (Q@E@ @PEDAPPPEAP[@EP EAP@P@A@A@8PA@PPPE@ATP@@PPE dPT)AE @ " ( `lDPP*@P((" (-PQP@@PE@Q@PAPPQ\ * (( !P c" PAD@@A@h@@EQTPA@E@PD* P@@D (*** "(r*((" (  (T8Z(+J h @A@T@TPT@PPE@J(("E( *****((( ( "DPUEEEAA@TP r*ED@@A0 ( ( "+- *@AAPATEA@*((PP@R@PET8AP9PEPTQ@ATpPP( *( * 1 PET@@PeTQPP 0(P@PP@@@@@P@@QPA@!QEQy(** *  ( aA@(*"` @ ('*@P@C(AD"(( 2 r(" (p  P@(* *(((   (@"(  (rTDTQQPDPAEAP@A -  "PPTP@ @@@@EDP@EP@P@D @A  Ux r( P@ *)L( @Q@EP@@QQ@Yl @@"(((" (EAP8  (J( (E( " *T@EE@A0 *(((( (d @@PAm@TTP   (DDDP r*((* ( (*((QPP@PEE2P0)PTPAPQP@ @`APAP @YlP@E@PP@PPTPEB*( (A@TE@PPU(("PPE(   A@@QPPEE0DP@@TE@@@@]*"  *@T@@Q@TPPE@P\( "  Q@@ A@DEPE@PPX(TAD * 0 Q@"(-*" */(P\ `PP@@@@ @`" ( " ((@T@@  (PQQDP ( r"(*" @@A (UEB8+( @T@AEEPAPU@@PE@T@QPA@@PEP  QA@Q`  (  DQQPQDʂA@Q@@P@PPE@  /* ACPARD@ (€"(( ((( "8((PAQPQEE@TPPQPUDPP@@QT@P@T @TTPTPTTP@QA@EE@AE@E@@@ " (B ` :@@TP@`TE Q@((((  ( PE**(**d @TS@" (*.Q@*`AAPx@TPPPEQDP@TDAA?aPEEA@@P   p8` (@AEEQPEPP"(  ( "2((" *PP@9PAPPE *(( @QA( PA@@EE P8(@@PP 8PPPTT@EPA@@X "AATP ("PEEED(* `@UTQT@PJ"( PQ("9PP@ *  @QE @@EE((p TUP p( p@AP 0$T@(pU h  (* PTQA@APEP@CQPP8 */(( "( ((r ( "`PEE(*(("C"(& (  TPE***  ( ( "T@C ("((*("*((( ,B( "TPPE ( ( ("( @9QP\ T (9l2 @P@0   (@@AA@@ EQ@A@TUTPAPP AP@PTPE *(EDTQAPT @ "d@QT@PTQQD8ApPa2@EEEQ@(** *  *r"  (",@Q@0 @8P@PP8@E Q@@@@ (*`!< PADP@P (!ʠâ((*"*( "@AEAPQ@E@PT@@PE9HPP(" ("(AAA@PP\!ETT@ @8@P ( *(* *)PPP^@EEP@@ **(eݬo-uoծ}pg_ol;^Oَf5{Xo] ; "(@@EP ( U@PE@PPAA@T0 ( CP)S 0( (*(  @P@0(((p*("PTP8EQ@v|zb$z{]sXW#y_e{coߗWl|mWg?.Ϯ]ߎ0r*)PEEL(A@EAEAUDA@9 (p A@E@ATT 9@stPPDPET@  ( (  ((" (PTOɧ0ϧGkwG+)^LƑO>GN}qKpE\B*((( ( PL*TTA@ESP@EQ` ( ( ('  `&2`E@9 (*P PT@APE `A@E@   r (0(EAEE@7?izפ;WsǕom+oFǤu.ߪ ۚ y(*"TTQATPTTDY@ ( 9TACp` **( P@R@P @W7DTTTTP@E@DPPE@@ (* "*(*@@P=~{_'էo5^fӯ\~!:yFΎ9<[GR&(y[uk7_h/p**( ( *((p(  PN0 A"PHB0@' @stPPPPPT(( @"( PPA@T0(.@P ;p.5ٯNݞqϭrm^oPKY[°8S٧ng_=F3u]{|_ [{gaŵڸv rI忢gh/JqWgP ((@ T@2b  "P@((cp `DP( `PPTE@A2PstTQ@DPDQp(( ( )@CEET@pdk7gL|t^r>>ώs;nߗ3?6[=uf>Gg5xwkrY߷d5.Z׵ 0wp*ݰ?Vw^~xjaGy>o\o;1 -9ffeeyh|Do6N؛Լ^ŝWj~asc~* (@@PP PP"O ()P@P!@@ E@Q0 (J*E@"`T" @* ( ATAQ*P( tkq=_]dk7ۚ7󇍷=sƫ[~~ܴۇg#wg^wMtcLa}r眎ͳZ췭5+^۱ڵԌ6:z|f?͏ݻ>"[!n?WׯMguolv'ɭGogۻf}[\1ZGG6ZXgg_f2x3Mf>|[\g\Ώ\u OQ[rT€" "@  8\r TA9E@@PTPDUP@  @@@S@bn "("(APEEQQEETT@SA@@8E Z'|iKi5IգѶg{'l+vj֭Qܽf|_/_};{?BI6senMfXicKut}s_<߯l~E?;+veͽH)z̶óz3tWj +$TP9TBr((-j(BE" ((()@@QTPEPED @@C P0("E(" "" TW7P@T*  @E@ATP@P@DU  (2 Aeׯ .]}^^~Ͽ&<ͳ\Vݼ.1_oWGo?4h;?'٬@zzv~M:츟]vկn#vYɶcnSqW.ߋ;'}u?gh8^X!PQ@oNwo~ݗ_ge;V-i{ݣ+qקc<}v.e$cEvy A@T@0PP (-PPAPQD0 ("  rp*UDP@"" DErn(" ("*(( ( *( (P*( *p9_^O<˟=|MiwmwCN>u? s8{f^wg]zc׈~V}ns># q:ܿ/W/FHٶ#5߷Ż0Z[6k1H1;Ǣfvw˗~6`Ph;bsB}ǿyGrez$%aYrƅ@UB=O.?q8zk#_ېA@E2@N@P@Q  (""PP * AE |r * (.T@@U@@PE@  ("`TTPAAw3qz=b5y˗_k>F޾פ9˻o}SkO5ξ3 {ƫ&rן.7ttxxk˧fze0ݽ^DŽikZg|}Xۖ -nYO ;>N]/s]rߨL }ڼw{N#uۙm 0{6:5Kr:&Y$2 6A@( TQPTPD P  `T\DT@UDB "@@@`9: (*( ʂC!*  @ -@@@TDR(;>)qOO>ͭ:.b9s6L<Ɵmҹ[ue8arZѼ>#,;s[1}=ino ;.UgHXɌd[WCï@XozkwgdڼmowV,; xoG_m#ב[nG.AXDS "E@Pp *(" UUPp EN@ 2( 9@ruPP8DPEEPDPPPX  ʀ @P $UPD{,Ƒ=ϛΐt庤Z\wm朸~O:p5qm5c [vUj[᧳o9sr׷0Fp쭛W> ӵbʣ K:;ڎ]z%L q3^wgmdݷ߆VL$z/GmهHEi̞UPP@8T‚"89@ET\"@*Ȩ*((D@y@"^T 9T `E@@AȠ PPP@AQT ((E (@(*(( (\pm×fZ6Vεp-[vnZa'Zɴ6mZ°YV {+}sGCIJV?F2f"*UDE$w|=47odjFzTVT LQPPOʀ"((*( TAPC d82( * **@ ((QE@P@AQEr ((A@@A@@@ "*(  (@APQ@@PP#Y僬DKX֑-`iAAQPY2"ɞSV7D{m˩dcQ4@QADH`X¤Q@T@r"P " **(`E-ALS2e9NA@D@2 ( SE1T *^@ruA@AAD@QS"(PS@@@TD *(*("Tz7SՎusVݶw-vL(+vmkƶ!QEC" џ{6#\U´*aUPSPT@U DP  B*(bp*P @bdHd,U (!Q@0QTC"( PruPP@P@@E@QEE@EEAA@N@WwW\?_X^=kڹܹ-zp׽i5w^iڷkledQ@zpGzkȖwO\mX"!*( dPP&A@8PE E2@QDTDP D*VO`yL{'jws&ݕOܹj鍙^XdTgP .@@TAQDP@@@@@E@Q`" EPEEE@^@]fkk<˺ssm|kg [llѶY6c6 [5Zٵj*Zƭb** 7u^ˏ7Gmz 'Z+tQAU"(yATQDp(A@@8LQ"PTʠ( 䂈 L(!Q%2 @!)c"eS!-wft֤l14k:wawr{Z]⽉+S\^샻YNןQNSw;NS#ћ8's9ںnglyu{27g6]fj33dE@2(P( UA@TDU@P  *(**(PP9Q@P (X,l5ۖ[VyzIծ-{Vjk= ٭6sl&ծյn1PTiYm2Kz]scv3yojG.0TQ(* `Q((PEAAAAP @@TDTT *1`1cv jH٢~]ܷ1Ƶn;&۳ ;vav0( (@͖l|l׵˕{[̛6ͳg5+d]nW;d)`" '<W(NdP@B"E@X* 2DPQA( Iueƞk W75$\;ozӎ5e^9yckvLO59kpVEAT@* ²[o]n:ou[ۑ *¡PE* @QPP@AE d\ XR7l5ݓWݚ݆۹6N[6ݧn֍2ven۳-wvPlOfɖ*"*VT]ߧnAkwuueu,ףlM7olJcu@i*<"@@QR(,P@@DP@DP("@EP9Q@@B(*[ =vF\WmlD=o]'eyHeAT@PX )tk˟GԎ}_Ӛ ( *eyEPEE@ *@ (r"P(( PT$P8J"APHQRmid i|1w.WY|eYREQ@TA@@-톥}7y:l'ij^-4ѭˤV3P (/ 9. (((@A@PE@QQ@ _\~kGR؀oݼݷ.?c>[uoxbw3f~\k$\*("*M.z_7WnI3j (@U@@ *rz**(' UE  *`PT\8E@J Xյ}ﳟ}ow:#Յ" " ( "iVPz][/+|;Q+&.[eqEAQC AEL PE.(**(((* "( "*@@P (̃je|>sX:tUfؘs3lFJ*" 2Ok/Wb3nG.TV@Y"* *r UPPd h**r  p ZE*` 6ڹٞ9{7s;m[nYt@@TPDAA8P@TTSTQgïÅl .^VmNkQ "(Ns  @DQTP@8E@@EHp@TDP@G/#}+S6U^ݗ4sYe]Iwa><2(** Gח75#_Ә((  "@PTTPQQ?@E(UQ*(kuzwپ[6Ëk'x " ( (1Z*#g^+l;"Y.Y5[@KPP@EA\@ @@E@TE EPPPPQ@oߪ|=swզ3r]no&Yz/La^ޗ3?pv{܍%[%)ϲYԊ*` P=u\0KoVzi4kitmh P (dPPTNE9TU@@@** )@ALp ("%97es7njٽS. *((( (***(("YevᎎzWDqVì=F@6*dTE@\@ ("(  (*("( ( NKS&%ʦ}f^_mvwoߞr9kuv.c,&‚"*a,d`#o 㛿t[?ng/vuuƸo.;mOϩ=}dկ\ƭ1n+ U" X  "^DAE(*("Ȋ @PPApѽusRsvm.ڹ;AA@@PPPTTQAUTTQPE@Tj:^g]zw;%V:v=QQEA@A\ *("  "  (( pE8E!L" U95˳n7˚e݅b,g6k\0" ٮJG0ۉ\:s6חfvNZ1VL5Qh ([OMdq|~/Acw-0 /( ( " "ɓ "@P@TP PP׳z߽rvV:v۳塇@PPTS@@QTP2* eQl^~ޚ%zVƍ+;G@9iDP¢T@PPPPTTAPPP@Q@ "")((mk۶G?g{m׿{nZڂ( "(RY%\ocnukueieuAɟlOM[<芀(,T( * **(P(NUcUkz};rݭhA@P@PP@EAQPPDPDTQg}5]U9:G+l!*( T]A@D@@P@E@P@ ,L"+b[#nښ-mkm   db ci` n-Qr6ᮬ%=?O]F=IE:9r `DP (( %@Q@@P* .@A  V26}=\˕w9 "( * *EEAPTT @FQ厞:usuvå^m"* qwPQ@TT@DTTPP@TQ@DQ3#Vݲ kl96h֦l{w 6׷{NݶE[S UL " ( U3'af"DU#=5Ev̺ѧ 8RP0(EDPD 2"QPA@Qp( @Q2rPF3jޥj9.#vv5PP@TDPPTP@@APTA@L Hhwusc/?LVT W* p** ** @PC@@ i^m5hÓ~S[osm2A@2("keEafM-k(Ѷ][hu*bGOLs2Ѭmkֶe89ATTT\"( *(A@Q@@((Q@<8EE9ED9D 1}~Ͻf˓و TTPAA@@(*(* (( =nxEwur^ܼݪ.D "B/@* DP@TAPQPADPADUDEUQQDEl0߲jroݖk1,AT@Eb(V\Yı%,vO1٫f.,xi4ͷmz+M:핕&YG* * DQNUE(*(  .PErPTEQPC (*`2 "6sop߻zӯ..浿s@E@PDTP@EQQT@QEutGpuWn.QQ@( Tw@P@@TQ@@R ( )@2 ( " ( "p5;{p߳5܋viPE@Q@EZufF״g7]1oٛf.\LtX[GdsDnW PX(PQ@TP@P@P""9P @@E93E*d/wrWN\vǽilڵ  *( (  +=k[=hު;ז;tCPTJE@Ȩ8=  *A@j( ;=Yo#ZԌ{7i\6  "( djj7fcVsZocVuȵUa׾m+l:+ P0( """EAPPUCQB-D2E8PP "ɆXӻ7p*˗f^#8ԎVꠍ2AE2 N@\A@" "" 1Xn5m\F]ܫiك=  *(( ( *U@QP@EPDP@TP(QNpmfQP@PPDQ@PTDP@PAPPPEEAPU@EQ +Z;XU( QV**(׶@zm^rܮ}LeP`T*)2 (((((PTU ( {VvYz޷\9FƲh"**@TA@ETA@@TTT@PT@P@TTP**("&ڭ]cUWX (  ""  *  ( ( dA+U " 1X٭ëwm}z^e.TQTPE@EP@ETP2rAE"*YZյs4\VmeэED@P "*  E@@TTPPEQAMPPTPETPQPTP@PA@PPPQP@T@@IPJ# QUX*rXΪru:o>@DPT@(AUD(L LPB%[XZ֝ei޹XӳUg]EJ@QD@DPPE@TQAPDPPHG7@@J( ( E@@@P@@P@@Q TJ EQA@@Q+GDLaP@PAPP **@PDZ /X (16kQnu4V""  ( *(  endstream endobj 14 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /F 28 /A 15 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 130.3520 610.8494 275.6960 623.0594 ] >> endobj 15 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://bookshop.org/a/14989/9780830847174) >> endobj 16 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /F 28 /A 17 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 35.0000 596.1974 305.0360 608.4074 ] >> endobj 17 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://bookshop.org/a/14989/9780830847174) >> endobj 18 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /CA 0.3 >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /ca 0.3 >> endobj 20 0 obj [6 0 R /Fit] endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 612.000 792.000] /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 26 0 R 30 0 R 32 0 R 34 0 R ] /Contents 22 0 R >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 2712 >> stream xYێܸ}`/^l3X֎Ze: SHImN cbU񜺰ضߘlozyˢD=dYnKu톱_ M>}ǛᡮY)Y/K~䚽e+ OOl] 2(^C+Ww.ܳ O!knbYê _Gf+ZpbUZs,D(m+%të~籗'sB?'AY0ê$%pvZю;&CJ=;9{%/1s'!!F%y!˒wXs4][A'&[ƱNcnk#o;޳qzIzfE2&l˃$4{4^y\0I* F uѧDkMyR`7ɜ BH!vl9EDg/^mQ٭ _ JS/\̪a Q⚭@2`b 08jp%Mea7PwKH@~2 ,q0 Y&ŪN4q% | ^#MpX[HG:pQݠ:@TYpҎzܝt~ɡ.]vqbJv{ҵYdJ He.0UE {  _*qD39p.:"9m2/(\]yp:Wŧ>qJ*]eI v'&_4X V,q#qpN)ImP1n(W鳒bpǠpϩpƄ TBU(Ay~.U, θ.@/lK;kW &kLpNN݋.c0T:FkQnN6T=nhl=RUap։c^V0eG泟/W֨ FHˠ[Inosw:CDzW WGANmOOXc&Zwê:^EC !cBdžjV BN#WgGz8.9̮j\Rˋ{f,ɲG%^$$P-wqN}',9?u8oM:bs5~NKw"%$ot'Hɑ_NUwb/ɖh CnG̿y_wK 0H7+ʒ%`raxR50t7^s 0n.P qaE~DAǴG> C-=z/i#>O`>4Vc.c/iX]tXۦPk7ld̮֛Z8Pi7@Ytdm׏px>6MM\Gۖ_ \\+#j^J RJQhTRѷ˥|K6/_&~H%U=G\,0=N< 3nhxDEQ.^!e4w– {o[,1feyhh-E߾ hV66GmD– ?>f,ٽZ빶%Jĵw]͈t;DX t Jkjn(op^d;qͲ^iRݝd{*+)uE=v#G.Q#ӝ[R>gwt U }\m(rB&f0(ڢ ~2 (YDgO\e[A[>0glCӵҳxFrxV)GGT0(I9jꞦ`JB=| YÓL-h:> W @54 endstream endobj 23 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F5 /BaseFont /Helvetica-Oblique /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 24 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /CA 1 >> endobj 25 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /ca 1 >> endobj 26 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /F 28 /A 27 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 99.0200 337.6034 482.5040 349.8134 ] >> endobj 27 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://bookshop.org/a/14989/9780830847174) >> endobj 28 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /CA 0.67 >> endobj 29 0 obj [21 0 R /Fit] endobj 30 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /F 28 /A 31 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 97.0160 221.5754 480.5000 233.7854 ] >> endobj 31 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://bookshop.org/a/14989/9780830847174) >> endobj 32 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /F 28 /A 33 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 65.0000 192.2714 339.1160 204.4814 ] >> endobj 33 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://learn.caringmagazine.org/good-words) >> endobj 34 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /F 28 /A 35 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 200.3960 119.0114 275.0840 131.2214 ] >> endobj 35 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://caringmagazine.org/the-salvation-army-101/) >> endobj xref 0 36 0000000000 65535 f 0000000009 00000 n 0000000074 00000 n 0000000120 00000 n 0000000429 00000 n 0000000466 00000 n 0000000615 00000 n 0000000744 00000 n 0000002797 00000 n 0000002904 00000 n 0000003012 00000 n 0000003122 00000 n 0000003235 00000 n 0000003264 00000 n 0000031605 00000 n 0000031739 00000 n 0000031833 00000 n 0000031966 00000 n 0000032060 00000 n 0000032119 00000 n 0000032178 00000 n 0000032207 00000 n 0000032352 00000 n 0000035138 00000 n 0000035254 00000 n 0000035311 00000 n 0000035368 00000 n 0000035501 00000 n 0000035595 00000 n 0000035655 00000 n 0000035685 00000 n 0000035818 00000 n 0000035912 00000 n 0000036045 00000 n 0000036140 00000 n 0000036274 00000 n trailer << /Size 36 /Root 1 0 R /Info 5 0 R /ID[<5633c2ad44185daf2830ed6c712328c1><5633c2ad44185daf2830ed6c712328c1>] >> startxref 36376 %%EOF Pursuing our doubts toward greater faith | Caring Magazine
Pursuing our doubts toward greater faith

Pursuing our doubts toward greater faith

Listen to this article

An excerpt from “Wandering Toward God: Finding Faith amid Doubts and Big Questions.”

There I was in a seminary class, of all places, having a crisis of faith. We were only a few weeks into the semester, but I was seriously doubting my Christian beliefs. My growing-up experience was strongly Christian. If the church doors were open, my family was there, and we were involved. Generationally, my family had been doing formal ministry since at least my great-great-grandparents! And I was all in from an early age. Somehow I made it through Sunday school, summer camp, youth group, countless youth events, Bible college, summer ministry, and international mission trips without deeply questioning my faith. I made a commitment to Christ at a young age and just assumed it was true from that point on. At this moment in seminary it hit me like a splash of ice-cold water—the kind that takes your breath away. I had never seriously considered why I should think Christianity is true above all other worldviews.

I’m sure as a kid I asked questions along the way. But there’s a difference between considering the truth of Christianity when everyone knows the answer and deeply considering its truth with a real possibility of it being wrong. There’s the “let’s have a fun discussion about Christianity” sort of considering. And then there’s the painful, teary-eyed, scared to death struggle of considering whether it’s really true. I had never done the latter until I found myself doubting in seminary.

It is quite common for Christians to experience doubts from time to time. Unfortunately, doubts about our Christian beliefs are often treated in the same way we would treat a common cold. We wait it out, treat symptoms as best as we can (perhaps with a good dose of prayer and Bible study), and hope it goes away. This approach might work for some. But for many others the doubts creep back in, and they return with friends! As the doubts compound, Christianity can begin to be uncompelling for this reason alone. Notice it’s not for a lack of evidence. It’s simply because there are doubts that are left untreated. Sadly, many abandon their Christian faith because they cannot find a safe place to admit and talk about their doubts. Rather than our questions and doubts being a part of the adventure as we wander toward God, without a safe place to doubt our faith, Christianity can feel like a fake.

My story is different. I leaned into my doubts. I asked those difficult questions in a lonely backroom of a church I had been given to work in while in seminary. I began to read. I had conversations with people further along in their journey than I was. I began to find answers. Even though I still had plenty of questions (and still do today), I began to see my way clear of some problems. I didn’t fall away. In fact, I grew stronger. The irony is I became even more well-grounded in my faith. By leaning into my doubts, I came to a place of deeper faith.

How about you? Do you have questions? Are you seeking and searching? Are you doubting? If you have questions about Christianity or are struggling with doubt, I want you to know that you are normal! Hear this: You. Are. Normal. The honest struggle of questions and doubts is not sin. You are not failing. You are courageous—probably more courageous than others who act like they have it all figured out. I respect you. It’s most likely that you are doubting your faith precisely because you are intellectually honest and are seeking truth rather than mere acceptance by your peers. This can be a lonely place, but please hear me: You are not alone! Some of the most ardent defenders of the Christian faith wandered toward God with doubts and big questions.

For others who, like me growing up, have never really considered the reasons why you should believe, it’s time to do so. Let me be clear. I don’t want you to doubt your faith just for the sake of doubting it. Though doubting and deconstructing faith is a popular thing these days and though leaning into doubt can lead to good things (such as, a well-grounded faith), doubt is not good as an end in itself. But I do want you to ask questions. And hard questions often lead to having some doubts along the way. It isn’t always easy. But here’s the good news: you are reading a book that sees having doubts and big questions as perfectly compatible with having faith and as a normal and valuable part of the journey to a deeply grounded faith.

We don’t want to stay in the grip of doubt. Again, doubt is not the destination. We may be wandering but we are wandering toward God. I want you to see that doubting our faith, when approached properly, leads us to knowledge and truth. Pursuing our doubts can bring us to a place of greater faith.

Taken from “Wandering Toward God: Finding Faith amid Doubts and Big Questions” by Travis Dickinson. Copyright (c) 2022 by Travis Dickinson. Published by InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL. www.ivpress.com


Do Good:

You May Also Like